Yokogawa 415 Steam and Gas User Manual

GAS & STEAMFLOW COMPUTERMODEL 415 6 December 1999

This instrument conforms to the EMC-Directive of the Council of EuropeanCommunities 89/336/EEC and the following standards:Generic Emission Standard E

1.1 MODEL NUMBER DESIGNATIONThe Model number of an instrument describes which input and output options areinstalled and the AC mains voltage rating.

2. SPECIFICATIONGeneralDisplay: Alphanumeric LCD display with backlighting and 2 lines x 20 characters/line.Each character 5.5mm high.Keyboard: Sealed

4-20mA InputsInputs: Flow (2), pressure & temperature.Input Impedance: 250 ohms.Measurement Ranges: Pressure: 0kPa (abs) (0 psia) to 100,000 kPa(

Relay OutputFunction: High and low flowrate alarms based on theflowrate selected as the default display.Maximum Switching Power: 1250VA.Maximum Switch

General GasGases: Handles most gases for which the critical temperature, pressure and SG are known.Compressibility: Calculated using Redlich-Kwong equ

3. OPERATIONThe Model 415 uses a low power CMOS microprocessor to perform allmeasurement and control functions.The instrument is fully programmable wi

SteamMass (Rate & Total)Energy (Rate & Total)Temperature & PressureSpecific Weight & EnthalpyIf any value other than the default displ

3.2 FLOW EQUATIONS FOR GASESThis section applies only to gas flow measurement and, if the Model 415 is to beused for steam measurement, the reader ca

Normalised Conditions (SI Units only)Normalised conditions are defined as:0°C (273.15°K) and 101.325 kPa.A. Volumetric Flowmeters With Frequency Outpu

D. Differential Pressure Flowmeters With 4-20mA Output And With ALinear Flow Relationship.eg. D.P. transmitters with a square root extractor or VA me

Example 1Flow is to be measured across an orifice in the range of 0 - 2000scm/hr. Because flow needs to be measured over a 10:1 range, twotransmitter

PROGRAMMING THE SPAN AS MASSIt is also possible to enter the span of an analog flowmeter in mass(instead of volume) at a nominal flowrate. The flow c

Example 3If the mass flow is defined at non- standard base conditions and itis required to display the corrected volume at standard conditions,then it

3.2.1 Ideal Gas LawIf the effects of compressibility on a gas can be ignored, then ZB and ZF can be setto 1.00 in equations 1 to 8. This can make ca

Example 5The same vortex meter installation, as detailed in Example 4, alsohas a 4-20mA output. The meter produces 20mA at 1000 m3/h and4mA at 0 m3/h

3.2.2 General GasFor general gases, the compressibility is calculated using the Redlich-Kwongequation. In order to calculate the compressibility of

3.2.3 Natural GasIn the gas industry, compressibility is referred to by a factor, FPV, termed thesupercompressibility factor where:...(10)FPV=ZBZF

3.3 STEAM MEASUREMENTThe Model 415 incorporates equations to handle both saturated and superheatedsteam over the following range:Pressure 0 kPa abs (

Energy Flow...(13)SI Units : QE(SI)=QM(SI)xh1000...(14)US Units : QE(US)= 0.42992QM(US)xh1000B. Volumetric Flowmeters With 4-20mA Output.eg. Vor

CONTENTSList of Symbols1. Introduction 71.1 Model Number Designation 92. Specification 103. Operation 143.1 Front Panel Operation 143.2 Flow Equati

D. Differential Pressure Flowmeters With 4-20mA Output And With ALinear Flow Relationship.eg. D. P. transmitters with a square root extractor or VA m

PROGRAMMING THE FLOW COMPUTERFor equations 11 to 18 to work, a number of parameters need to beprogrammed. These include:KFK-factor (for frequency pro

Example 8A differential pressure transmitter across an orifice is designed tooutput 20mA at 10,000 kgs/hour at a reference pressure of 1300kPa (abs) a

3.4 FILTERINGFrequency fluctuations caused by pulsating flow through a flowmeter, often makethe Rate impossible to read with any precision. The Flow

A 90% 99%10021242463610 5 1115 8 1720 11 2225 14 2835 20 4045 25 5160 34 6975 43 8690 52 10399 57 113Table 1 - Response to a step Input (in seconds).N

3.5 NON-LINEARITY CORRECTION 3.5.1 Digital Input Linearity CorrectionNon-linearity correction enables the instrument to correct for knownnon-lineari

During Calibration, the program requires the user to input a frequency and theScaling Factor (K-factor of the flowmeter) at up to 10 points on the cur

3.5.2 Analog Input Linearity CorrectionFor single analog flow inputs, an input table can be programmed to correct forany non-linearities between the

ExampleA flowmeter has been tested and the following relationship betweenthe input and the flowrate has been determined at the nominaltemperature &

3.6 THE OUTPUT PULSEAn OUTPUT PULSE is available on terminal 10 for driving remote countersand produces a pulse each time the Total of the Default di

5. Calibration 505.1 Programming Chart 525.2 Definitions 596. Input Circuits 62 6.1 Frequency Flow Input 62 6.2 Analog Inputs 676.3 Rem

Connection of Output Pulse is as follows:Driving an External Relay or Impulse CounterDriving a Logic Input such as a PLC or Electronic Counter38 O

4. OPTIONS4.1 THE 4-20mA OUTPUT OPTIONThe 4-20mA output option provides an analog output of the Default flowrate aseither a 4-20mA current or a 0-10

4.1.1 Load SpecificationMaximum load which the output can drive:Internally powered loop: 500 ohmsExternally powered: R = (V-5)/.02where V is the exte

Voltage Output ConfigurationsTwo Wire Transmission (Internal Supply)Options 41 262524222123Amplifiers+1

Three Wire Transmission (External Supply)42 Options 262524222123LOADTerminal+15VI(+)I(-)0-10V OutAmplif

4.2 THE RS232/422/485 INTERFACE OPTIONWith this option installed, the circuits for both the RS232 and RS422/485 areprovided as standard. They can be

4.2.2 Multipoint CommunicationMultipoint Communication is a system whereby a number of instruments can beaddressed over a dual twisted pair interface

Figure 2 RS485 InterfaceOptions 45 HostComputerTwisted PairLoad120 ohms400 SeriesInstrument400 Series

4.2.3 Communication ProtocolThe Model 415 has a real time clock and enables the time and date to be set andprinted on tickets. The date format can b

A CTS input is provided, and will prevent the instrument from transmitting anyfurther characters to a printer if the printer buffer is full. The CTS

List of Symbols Used in this ManualSymbol Description SI Units US UnitsA Normalised signal from theflowmeter which will be 0 at 4mAand 1 at 20mA.G Spe

4.3 DATA LOGGINGThe Model 415 can be programmed to output data to a printer, computer or otherstorage device at the following intervals:1 minute (Eve

4.4 THE RELAY OUTPUT OPTIONThe Relay output option consists of two Form C relays which can be presetduring calibration to energise when the Default f

5. CALIBRATIONThe Calibration routine enables the Setup Parameters to be programmed, as wellas enabling the input signals to be checked.The calibratio

On first entering the Calibration routine, the display will show the Model numberfollowed by:SELECT(GENERAL SETUP)There are six main menu items as fol

5.1 PROGRAMMING CHARTCALIBRATIONSELECT(GENERAL SETUP)DISPLAY CONTRASTADJUSTFLOW UNITS(SI UNITS, US UNITS)TOTAL UNITS(UNITS X 1000 X 1)FLOW TI

SELECT(GAS PARAMETERS)GAS EQUATION(STEAM, IDEAL GAS, GENERAL GAS, NATURAL GAS)STEAM TYPE(SATURATED, SUPERHEATED)SAT STEAM INPUT(PRESSURE,TEMPERATURE)B

SELECT(FLOW PARAMETERS)FLOW INPUT TYPE(FREQUENCY, ANALOG)FLOW SIGNAL TYPE(LINEAR, NON-LINEAR)FLOW SIGNAL TYPE(DIFFERENTIAL, VOLUMETRIC)K-FACTORXXXXX.X

FILTER FACTORXXFLOWRATE DECIMALXXX.XXTOTAL DECIMALXXX.XXTEMP at 4mA±XXX.XX415A ONLYTEMP at 20mA±XXX.XX415A ONLYTEMP OFFSET±X.XX415R ONLYPRESSURE INPUT

SELECT(OPTIONS)OUTPUT TYPE(4-20mA, 0-10V)OUTPUT at 4mAXXXXXOUTPUT at 0VXXXXXIF 4-20mA OUTPUT OPTIONIS INSTALLEDOUTPUT at 20mAXXXXXOUTPUT at 10VXXXXXDA

IDENTIFICATION NOXXTYPE OF COMMS(PRINTER, COMPUTER)PRINTER(STANDARD 80 COLUMN)(EPSON CTM 290)(MODEL 624) ECHO (FULL DUPLEX

Symbol Description SI Units US UnitsPFPressure at flow conditions. kPa (abs) psiaQEEnergy value of steam. MJ/dayMJ/hrMJ/minMJ/secBTU x 1000/dayBTU x 1

SELECT(TEST)FREQUENCY INPUTXXX.X HzIF FREQUENCY INPUTIS SELECTEDLOW FLOWXXX.X mAIF TWO 4-20mA FLOWINPUTSHIGH FLOWXX.X mAIF ONE OR TWO4-20mA FLOW INPUT

5.2 DEFINITIONSGENERAL SETUPDisplay Contrast It is possible to adjust the contrast of thedisplay using the key to give optimumviewability.Total

Sat Steam Input With saturated steam it is only necessary to useeither a pressure or temperature sensor, but notboth. The user can program which sens

Flowrate Decimal The number of decimal points with which theflowrate is displayed.Total Decimal The number of decimal points with which thetotal is di

6. INPUT CIRCUITSThe Model 415 has a regulated output which can be used to power sensors. Atrimpot on the rear of the instrument allows the voltage t

Switch SettingsThe following switch settings are recommended for different input signal types. Input Signal Type Input Terminals Switch Settings+-1234

The Frequency Input Circuits64 Input Circuits Pulse Input(9)Common(8)+5V10KS71KS3S8100R.01100K1uF+S5S2I

1. Squarewave, CMOS or TTL2. Open-Collector3. Reed SwitchInput Circuits 65 1onCommoneg. vortex, pre-amp

4. Coils5. Namur Proximity Switch 6. Opto-Sensors66 Input Circuits on18119+8Veg. positive displacementf

6.2 ANALOG INPUTSThe Flow Computer can be supplied as:* Model 415R Direct 4 wire Platinum RTD (PT100) for temperature* Model 415A 4-20mA input for te

Symbol Description SI Units US UnitsSVBSpan (Volumetric Flowrate at20mA) and at base conditions.m3/daym3/hrm3/minm3/secft3/dayft3/hrft3/minft3/secTBTe

When wiring the RTD, care must be taken to ensure the (+) of the Current onterminal 4 is connected to the same side of the RTD as the (+) of the signa

Powering from an External SupplyThe above diagram shows an installation with dual D. P. transmitters to measureflow. When using only one 4-20mA flow

6.3 REMOTE SWITCHES (Model 415A Only)Remote push-buttons can be connected to the Model 415A to duplicate theswitches on the front panel. The switche

7. INSTALLATION7.1 GENERALTerminal designations for the Model 415 Flow Computer are given on thefollowing pages. The cutout hole in the panel should

In order to comply with the requirements for Electromagnetic Compatibility asper EMC-Directive 89/336/EEC of the Council of European Community, thiswi

7.2 WIRING DESIGNATIONS FOR THE MODEL 415Terminal Model 415R Model 415A1 Calibration Link Calibration Link2 Signal Ground Signal Ground3 Flow 1 (4-20

Terminal Relay Option31 High - Normally Open32 High - Normally Closed33 High - Common34 Low - Normally Open35 Low - Normally Closed36 Low - Common74

APPENDIXPROPERTIES OF SELECTED GASESSp. Gravity Critical Temperature Critical PressureG °C °F kPa psiaAcetylene 0.8990 35.17 95.3 6140 890.6 Air 1.000

Propylene 1.4529 91.83 197.3 4620 670.1 Sulphur Dioxide 2.2119 157.7 315.8 7883 1143.4 Xenon 4.5334 16.56 61.8 5836 846.5 76 Appendix

Index 4-20mA Inputs, 684-20mA Output, 39405GS, 7405ST, 7AAnalog Inputs, 67ASME, 26Atmospheric Pressure, 61CCalibration Certificate, 33Calibration

RRedlich-Kwong, 7Reed Switches, 62Relay Output, 49Remote Switches, 70RS232, 43RS232/422/485 Interface Option, 43RS422, 43RTD Input, 67SSaturated, 26

1. INTRODUCTIONThe Model 415 Gas Flow Computer incorporates compensation for gas andvapours to the following equations:1. Ideal Gas Law using temperat